All memory T cells mount an accelerated response on antigen reencounter, but significant
functional heterogeneity is present within the respective memory T-cell subsets as defined …

Summary CD4+ T helper (Th) cells are fundamental players in immunity. Based on the
expression of signature cytokines and transcription factors, several Th subsets have been …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) represent
two complex structures protecting the central nervous system (CNS) against potentially …

Animal models of arthritis are used to better understand pathophysiology of a disease or to
seek potential therapeutic targets or strategies. Focusing on models currently used for …

The healthy immune system eliminates pathogens and maintains tissue homeostasis
through extraordinarily complex networks with feedback systems while avoiding potentially …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells require (interleukin-2) IL-2 for their homeostasis by affecting their
proliferation, survival and activation. Here we investigated transcriptional and epigenetic …

Vaccines are important for protecting individuals at increased risk of severe infections,
including patients undergoing DMARD therapy. However, DMARD therapy can also …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell driven autoimmune disease of the central nervous system
(CNS). Despite its association with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), how viral infections promote …

Critical illnesses and injuries are recognized as major threats to human health, and they are
usually accompanied by uncontrolled inflammation and dysfunction of immune response …

It is well accepted that Th17 cells are a highly plastic cell subset that can be easily directed
toward the Th1 phenotype in vitro and also in vivo during inflammation. However, there is an …