Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated
with abnormal inflammatory immune responses of the lung to noxious particles and gases …

Anxiety and depression are common and important comorbidities in patients with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The pathophysiology of these psychological …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and disability
internationally. Alveolar hypoxia and consequent hypoxemia increase in prevalence as …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs)
are chronic inflammatory diseases of mucosal tissues that affect the respiratory and …

Respiratory and/or limb muscle dysfunction, which are frequently observed in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, contribute to their disease prognosis …

Muscle dysfunction often occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and may involve both respiratory and locomotor (peripheral) muscles. The loss of …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory airway disease
associated with various systemic comorbidities including osteoporosis. Osteoporosis and its …

COPD is recognized as having a series of comorbidities potentially related to common
inflammatory processes. Periodontitis is one of the most common human inflammatory …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by inflammatory injury to
the intrathoracic airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature in highly variable …

The relationship between lung and heart diseases has long been recognized, with necropsy
studies demonstrating silent myocardial infarctions or coronary artery calcification in patients …