The landscape of fear (LOF) concept posits that prey navigate spatial heterogeneity in
perceived predation risk, balancing risk mitigation against other activities necessary for …

Animals experience varying levels of predation risk as they navigate heterogeneous
landscapes, and behavioral responses to perceived risk can structure ecosystems. The …

Non‐consumptive predator effects (NCEs) are now widely recognised for their capacity to
shape ecosystem structure and function. Yet, forecasting the propagation of these predator …

Predation risk, the probability that a prey animal will be killed by a predator, is fundamental
to theoretical and applied ecology. Predation risk varies with animal behavior and …

Increased urbanization represents a formidable challenge for wildlife. Nevertheless, a few
species appear to thrive in the evolutionarily novel environment created by cities …

Modern decision neuroscience offers a powerful and broad account of human behaviour
using computational techniques that link psychological and neuroscientific approaches to …

A “landscape of fear”(LOF) is a map that describes continuous spatial variation in an
animal's perception of predation risk. The relief on this map reflects, for example, places that …

The interaction between predator and prey is an evolutionary arms race, for which early
detection by either party is often the key to success. In aquatic ecosystems, olfaction is an …

ABSTRACT A behavioral syndrome is a suite of correlated behaviors expressed either
within a given behavioral context (eg, correlations between foraging behaviors in different …

Risk effects arise when prey alter their behavior in response to predators, and these
responses carry costs. Empirical studies have found that risk effects can be large …