The absorption of oral drugs is frequently plagued by significant variability with potentially
serious therapeutic consequences. The source of variability can be traced back to …

Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for
centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional …

Abstract Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology has led to in vitro models with many new
possibilities compared to conventional in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, the …

Developmental pharmacology describes the impact of maturation on drug disposition
(pharmacokinetics, PK) and drug effects (pharmacodynamics, PD) throughout the paediatric …

Pharmacotherapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ
systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for …

This study examined the effects of phase II metabolism and efflux transportation on the
bioavailability of naringin, hesperidin, and their aglycones (naringenin and hesperetin) in …

Background: Most preschool children are distressed during anesthesia induction. While
current pharmacological methods are useful, there is a need for further optimization to an …

The protease inhibitor, ritonavir, is a strong inhibitor of CYP 3A. The drug is used for
management of the human immunovirus and is currently part of an oral antiviral drug …

The disposition of a drug is driven by various processes, such as drug metabolism, drug
transport, glomerular filtration and body composition. These processes are subject to …

Background The exact median effective dose (ED50) of intranasal dexmedetomidine
combined with oral midazolam sedation for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination …