Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic
responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine network that controls
hormonal responses to internal and external challenges in an organism's environment …

Suffering related to dementia is multifaceted because cognitive and physical functioning
slowly deteriorates. Advanced age and sex, two of the most prominent risk factors for …

Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation,
pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as …

We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a
single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized …

Whereas a categorical difference in the genitals has always been acknowledged, the
question of how far these categories extend into human biology is still not resolved …

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

Sex differences are prominent in mood and anxiety disorders and may provide a window
into mechanisms of onset and maintenance of affective disturbances in both men and …

Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of aging on
brain health. However, a large amount of variation exists in its efficacy. Sex of participants …

Men and women sleep differently. While much is known about the mechanisms that drive
sleep, the reason for these sex differences in sleep behaviour is unknown and understudied …