Tumours display an astonishing variation in the spatial distribution, composition and
activation state of immune cells, which impacts their progression and response to …

Background Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a key role in activation of cellular immunity and
subsequently, stimulation of antitumor immune-response. Based on its cytostatic, pro …

Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) assume varied functional states that impact anti-tumor
immunity. To delineate the DC states associated with productive anti-tumor T cell immunity …

In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest
in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell …

Immunosenescence is a process of immune dysfunction that occurs with age and includes
remodeling of lymphoid organs, leading to changes in the immune function of the elderly …

Cancer is now considered a tumor microenvironment (TME) disease, although it was
originally thought to be a cell and gene expression disorder. Over the past 20 years …

In cancer-immunity cycle, the immune checkpoint PD1 and its ligand PDL1 act as
accomplices to help tumors resist to immunity-induced apoptosis and promote tumor …

Complex interactions between the immune system and tumor cells exist throughout the
initiation and development of cancer. Although the immune system eliminates malignantly …

Research on tumor immunotherapy has made tremendous progress in the past decades,
with numerous studies entering the clinical evaluation. The cancer vaccine is considered a …

Lactate in tumors has long been considered “metabolic junk” derived from the glycolysis of
cancer cells and utilized only as a biomarker of malignancy, but is presently believed to be a …