Over the last 100–120 years, due to the ever-increasing importance of fluorine-containing
compounds in modern technology and daily life, the explosive development of the …

Background After the discovery of fluoride as a caries-preventing agent in the mid-twentieth
century, fluoridation of community water has become a widespread intervention, sometimes …

Background Hepato-and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but
few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study …

Background Fluoride has been associated with IQ deficits during early brain development,
but the period in which children are most sensitive is unknown. Objective We assessed …

Fluoride has been employed in laboratory investigations since the early 20th century. These
studies opened the understanding of fluoride interventions to fundamental biological …

Abstract Background Thyroid hormones (THs) are critical for brain development. Whether
low-moderate fluoride exposure affects thyroid function and what the impact is on children's …

The effects of fluoride on endocrine tissues has not been sufficiently explored to date. The
current body of knowledge suggest significant effects of that mineral on reducing sex …

Introduction Fluoride exposure may have various adverse health effects, including affecting
thyroid function and disease risk, but the pattern of such relation is still uncertain. Methods …

The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates
active iodide transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as the salivary, gastric mucosa …

Background While fluoride can have thyroid-disrupting effects, associations between low-
level fluoride exposure and thyroid conditions remain unclear, especially during pregnancy …