Abstract The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key proteins that allow mammals—whether
immunologically naive or experienced—to detect microbes. They lie at the core of our …

Significant advances in our understanding of innate immunity have been made following the
identification of three families of pathogen sensors: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widespread in adult organisms and may be involved in
tissue maintenance and repair as well as in the regulation of hematopoiesis and …

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a type of polyphenol with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities.
Our previous studies showed CGA could efficiently inhibit carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial components and trigger the inflammatory and
immune responses against pathogens. IκBζ (also known as MAIL and INAP) is an ankyrin …

Proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines and NO play pivotal roles in various
inflammatory diseases. To combat inflammatory diseases successfully, regulation of …

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), macrophage is one of the major sources of inflammatory
mediators. Macrophages produce inflammatory cytokines through toll‐like receptor (TLR) …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins acting mainly as sensors of microbial
components. Triggering TLRs results in increased expression of multiple inflammatory …

Inflammasomes are cytosolic polyprotein complexes formed in response to various external
and internal stimuli, including viral and bacterial antigens. The main product of the …

Dengue virus (DV) infection is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease and its
manifestation has been shown to be contributed in part by the host immune responses. In …