During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

This Review highlights the processing and integration performed by hindbrain nuclei,
focusing on the inputs received by nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons. These inputs …

The anorexigenic peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted from gut
enteroendocrine cells and brain preproglucagon (PPG) neurons, which, respectively, define …

Discovery of the leptin receptor and its downstream peptidergic pathways has reconfirmed
the crucial role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of food intake and energy balance …

Objectives G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as transmembrane molecular sensors
of neurotransmitters, hormones, nutrients, and metabolites. Because unmyelinated vagal …

Recent progress in the field of energy homeostasis was triggered by the discovery of
adipocyte hormone leptin and revealed a complex regulatory neuroendocrine network. A …

BACKGROUND: Peripheral administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) for four hours,
to normal weight and obese humans, decreases food intake and suppresses appetite …

Motivated behavior is influenced by neural networks that integrate physiological needs.
Here, we describe coordinated regulation of hypothalamic feeding and midbrain reward …

Insulin and leptin are hypothesized to beadiposity signals' for the long-term regulation of
body weight by the brain. Accordingly, a change in the plasma levels of leptin or insulin …

Natural selection has linked the physiological controls of energy balance and fertility such
that reproduction is deferred during lean times, particularly in female mammals. In this way …