Interest in neurofilaments has risen sharply in recent years with recognition of their potential
as biomarkers of brain injury or neurodegeneration in CSF and blood. This is in the context …

The nervous system regulates immunity and inflammation. The molecular detection of
pathogen fragments, cytokines, and other immune molecules by sensory neurons generates …

G protein-coupled dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) mediate all of the
physiological functions of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine, ranging from …

The lateral hypothalamic (LH) projection to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been linked
to reward processing, but the computations within the LH-VTA loop that give rise to specific …

The monoamines serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline have a great impact on mood,
emotion and behavior. This article presents a new three-dimensional model for monoamine …

Importance Severe impulse control disorders involving pathological gambling,
hypersexuality, and compulsive shopping have been reported in association with the use of …

This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of
neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the …

Placing a patient in a state of general anesthesia is crucial for safely and humanely
performing most surgical and many nonsurgical procedures. How anesthetic drugs create …

Spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) is a temporally specific extension of Hebbian
associative plasticity that has tied together the timing of presynaptic inputs relative to the …

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the central regulators of stimulatory and
inhibitory neurotransmitters that control the synthesis and release of growth, angiogenic and …