Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

The complex microenvironment in which malignant tumor cells grow is crucial for cancer
progression. The physical and biochemical characteristics of this niche are involved in …

Simple Summary Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been proposed as
alternatives for initial drug screening to increase drug development efficiency. In addition to …

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) are a highly promising preclinical model that
recapitulates the histology, gene expression, and drug response of the donor patient tumor …

Multicellular cancer spheroids (MCSs) have emerged as a promising in vitro model that
replicates many features of solid tumors in vivo. Biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds for MCS …

One of the obstacles limiting progress in the development of effective cancer therapies is the
shortage of preclinical models that capture the dynamic nature of tumor microenvironments …

Three-dimensional multicellular tumor models are receiving an ever-growing focus as
preclinical drug-screening platforms due to their potential to recapitulate major physiological …

Drug discovery and efficacy in cancer treatments are limited by the inability of pre‐clinical
models to predict successful outcomes in humans. Limitations remain partly due to their lack …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the environment around the tumor, including blood
vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, signaling molecules, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) …

The tumour microenvironment (TME) determines vital aspects of tumour development, such
as tumour growth, metastases and response to therapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts …