The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of
HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells …

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still one of the major global health issues, and
despite significant efforts that have been put into studying the pathogenesis of HIV infection …

Elite controllers are a heterogeneous group of people living with HIV who control viral
replication without antiretroviral therapy. There is substantial evidence that at least some …

Background Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has dramatically extended the life
expectancy of people living with HIV-1 and improved their quality of life. There is …

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively inhibit virus replication and restore
immune function in most people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However …

The global incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remains high, with the World
Health Organization (WHO) estimating that over 1 million people acquire STIs daily. STIs …

HIV infection impairs host immunity, leading to progressive disease. An anti-retroviral
treatment efficiently controls viremia but cannot completely restore the immune dysfunction …

Messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccines are mainly used as SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Despite several issues concerning storage, stability, effective period, and side effects, viral …

Introduction: Globally, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been successful in reducing the death
rate due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Different conditions in Indonesia mean the …

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 remains a major global health threat. Since the virus is
often transmitted through sexual intercourse and women account for the majority of new …