CD80 and CD86 are expressed on antigen presenting cells and are required to engage
their shared receptor, CD28, for the costimulation of CD4 T cells. It is unclear why two …

The paucity of murine memory B cell markers has been a significant impediment to the study
of memory. The most commonly used marker is IgG, which is neither sensitive nor specific …

B cells expressing the transcription factor T‐bet have emerged as participants in a number of
protective and pathogenic immune responses. T‐bet+ B cells characteristically differentiate …

Epithelial barriers, which include the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary mucosa,
compose the body's front line of defense. Since barrier tissues are persistently exposed to …

Immunity to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria is only acquired after years of repeated
infections and wanes rapidly without ongoing parasite exposure. Antibodies are central to …

Vaccine-induced immunity depends on the generation of memory B cells (MBC). However,
where and how MBCs are reactivated to make neutralising antibodies remain unknown …

Germinal centers (GCs) are generally considered to be the sole site of memory B‐cell
generation. However, recent studies demonstrate that memory B cells can also develop in …

In the humoral response, short-lived plasmablasts generate an early burst of Ab that
probably plays an initial protective role. Simultaneously, another arm of the response is often …

CD73 is a novel immune checkpoint associated with adenosine metabolism that promotes
tumor progression by suppressing antitumor immune response and promoting …

Identification of germinal center (GC) B cells is typically reliant on the use of surface
activation markers that exhibit a wide range of expression. Here, we identify Ephrin-B1, a …