Germinal centers (GCs) were described more than 125 years ago as compartments within
secondary lymphoid organs that contained mitotic cells. Since then, it has become clear that …

Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microenvironments formed after infection where
activated B cells can mutate their B‐cell receptors to undergo affinity maturation. A stringent …

Germinal centers (GCs), transient structures within B cell follicles and central to affinity
maturation, require the coordinated behavior of T and B cells. IL-21, a pleiotropic T cell …

The germinal center (GC) reaction produces high-affinity antibodies by random mutation and
selective clonal expansion of B cells with high-affinity receptors. The mechanism by which B …

Engagement of cytokine receptors by specific ligands activate Janus kinase–signal
transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways. The exact roles of …

Humoral immunity depends on both rapid and long-term antibody production against
invading pathogens. This is achieved by the generation of spatially distinct extrafollicular …

To optimize the initial wave of Ab production against T-dependent Ags, primary B cell clones
with the highest Ag affinity are selected to generate the largest extrafollicular plasmablast …

Spleen-resident dendritic cell (DC) populations occupy sentinel positions for the capture and
presentation of blood-borne antigens. Here we found a difference in expression of the …

B cells are selected by the binding of antigen to clonally distributed B cell receptors (BCRs),
triggering signalling cascades that result in B cell activation. With the recent application of …

Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD, encoding the p110δ subunit of
phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), cause a primary immunodeficiency. Affected …