The interferon pathway is the first line of defense in viral infection in all mammals, and its
induction stimulates broad expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In mice and …

Traditionally, mitochondria are known as" the powerhouse of the cell," responsible for
energy (ATP) generation (by the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, the …

Cathepsins are a type of lysosomal globulin hydrolase and are crucial for many
physiological processes, including the resorption of bone matrix, innate immunity, apoptosis …

Background Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Emerged
evidence has shown that glaucoma is considered an immune system related disorder. The …

One of the hopes for overcoming the antibiotic resistance crisis is the use of bacteriophages
to combat bacterial infections, the so-called phage therapy. This therapeutic approach is …

Immune system development during gestation and suckling is significantly modulated by
maternal environmental and dietary factors. Breastfeeding is widely recognized as the …

Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the
destruction of insulin-producing β cells. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) plays a role in …

Abstract As important immunomodulators, CpG ODNs have broad application prospects in
the treatment and prevention of leishmaniasis. In order to explore the immunomodulatory …

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) involves low-grade mucosal inflammation. Among the various
approaches capable of managing the symptoms, physical activity is still under investigation …

Propensity to develop cervical cancer (CC) in human papilloma virus (HPV) infected
individual could potentially involve the impaired immune functioning. Several stages of HPV …