Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with diverse physiological
functions. Its two isoforms (α and β) are widely expressed throughout the body in sensory …

Migraine is a complex condition in which genetic predisposition interacts with other
biological and environmental factors determining its course. A hyperresponsive brain cortex …

Migraine is ranked as the second highest cause of disability worldwide and the first among
women aged 15–49 years. Overall, the incidence of migraine is threefold higher among …

Migraine is a severe neurovascular disorder of which the pathophysiology is not yet fully
understood. Besides the role of inflammatory mediators that interact with the …

Background Migraine is a disabling and chronic neurovascular headache disorder.
Trigeminal vascular activation and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) play a …

Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disorder, characterized by moderate to severe
unilateral headaches, nausea, photophobia, and/or phonophobia, with a higher prevalence …

The role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of migraines is increasingly being
recognized, and cytokines, which are important endogenous substances involved in …

Chronic pain syndrome is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by several
pathological mechanisms. One in five adults in Europe may experience chronic pain. In …

Migraine is an incapacitating neurological disorder that predominantly affects women. Sex
and other hormones (eg, oxytocin, and prolactin) may play a role in sexual dimorphic …

Objective To summarize the unique aspects of managing headache in gender minorities
and current research in this area including the potential relationship between gender …