Alum (aluminum hydroxide) is the most widely used adjuvant in human vaccines, but the
mechanism of its adjuvanticity remains unknown. In vitro studies showed no stimulatory …

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin 7 (IL-7)-like cytokine originally
characterized by its ability to promote the activation of B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are endowed with a unique potency to prime T cells, as well as to
orchestrate their expansion, functional polarization and effector activity in non-lymphoid …

The type 2 immune response is critical for host defense against large parasites such as
helminths. On the other hand, dysregulation of the type 2 immune response may cause …

The respiratory tract is continuously exposed to both innocuous airborne antigens and
immunostimulatory molecules of microbial origin, such as LPS. At low concentrations …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are generally held responsible for initiating and maintaining allergic T
helper 2 (TH2)-cell responses to inhaled allergens in asthma. Although the epithelium was …

Dendritic cells have been considered an immune cell type that is specialized for the
presentation of Ag to naive T cells. Considerable effort has been applied to separate their …

Extracellular ATP serves as a danger signal to alert the immune system of tissue damage by
acting on P2X or P2Y receptors. Here we show that allergen challenge causes acute …

Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease of the lung characterized by abnormal T helper-2
(TH2) lymphocyte responses to inhaled antigens. The molecular mechanisms leading to the …

The mononuclear phagocyte (MP) system is a body-wide macrophage (MΦ) and dendritic
cell (DC) network, which contributes to tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and immune …