Modularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may
have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Modularity describes the case where patterns of trait covariation are unevenly dispersed
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …

Phenotypic integration and modularity are ubiquitous features of complex organisms,
describing the magnitude and pattern of relationships among biological traits. A key …

The study of modularity is paramount for understanding trends of phenotypic evolution, and
for determining the extent to which covariation patterns are conserved across taxa and …

Morphological integration describes the degree to which sets of organismal traits covary with
one another. Morphological covariation may be evaluated at various levels of biological …

Modularity is a ubiquitous feature of organismal design that plays an important role in
structuring patterns of morphological diversification. Modularity can facilitate evolutionary …

Morphological modularity arises in complex living beings due to a semi‐independent
inheritance, development, and function of body parts. Modularity helps us to understand the …

Evolutionary constraints may significantly bias phenotypic change, while “breaking” from
such constraints can lead to expanded ecological opportunity. Ray-finned fishes have …

Variation in pigmentation type and levels is a hallmark of myriad evolutionary radiations, and
biologists have long been fascinated by the factors that promote and maintain variation in …