Proliferation markers, such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, and
thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), have potential as diagnostic tools and as prognostic factors in …

Intrinsic (innate) and acquired (adaptive) resistance to chemotherapy critically limits the
outcome of cancer treatments. For many years, it was assumed that the interaction of a drug …

Histone H2AX is a ubiquitous member of the H2A histone family that differs from the other
H2A histones by the presence of an evolutionarily conserved C-terminal motif …

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death and a highly organized physiological mechanism to
destroy injured or abnormal cells. Apoptotic cells exhibit remarkable morphological features …

DNA topoisomerases are double-edged swords. They are essential for many vital functions
of DNA during normal cell growth. However, they are also highly vulnerable under various …

Apoptosis has long been considered to be the prevailing mechanism of cell death in
response to chemotherapy. Currently, a more heterogeneous model of tumor response to …

Proper centrosome duplication and spindle formation are crucial for prevention of
chromosomal instability, and BRCA1 plays a role in this process. In this study, transient …

Topoisomerase inhibitors are among the most efficient inducers of apoptosis. The main
pathways leading from topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage to cell death involve …

Twist, a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), plays an important role in
the development of a tumorigenic phenotype. Energy metabolism reprogramming (EMR), a …

Overexpression of Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, negatively correlates
with the sensitivity of various cancers to chemotherapeutic agents. We show here that high …