Context—Histologic diagnosis of renal neoplasm is usually straightforward by routine light
microscopy. However, immunomarkers may be essential in several contexts, including …

Glomerular diseases are the leading causes of chronic and end-stage kidney disease. In the
1980s and 1990s, attention was focused on the biology and role of glomerular endothelial …

PAX 8 is a transcription factor that is essential for embryonic development of the kidney,
Müllerian organs, and thyroid. It may also have a role in tumor development in these organs …

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, and patient prognosis has not
improved significantly over the last several decades. In order to improve therapeutic …

Primary renal neoplasms comprise multiple distinct entities, some of which are well
understood and others that are not. It is not uncommon for some of these entities to have …

Context.—With the refinement of molecular and histologic classifications of renal neoplasms
and the availability of more-effective molecular targeted therapy for specific renal …

PAX 8 is a transcription factor involved in the regulation of organogenesis of the thyroid
gland, kidney, and Müllerian system. Recent studies have shown that, among tumors, PAX 8 …

PAX2 and PAX8 are transcription factors that are essential in embryonic development of
müllerian organs. They may also play a role in tumor development in these organs. The …

Context.—The diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains problematic, especially in
the context of metastasis or small-needle biopsies. PAX2 and PAX8 transcription factors are …

This review focuses on the most common diagnostic pitfalls and helpful morphologic and
immunohistochemical markers in the differential diagnosis between the different subtypes of …