Background Chronic and/or extreme stress in early life, often referred to as early adversity,
childhood trauma, or early life stress, has been associated with a wide range of adverse …

An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the
past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of adversity and neurodevelopment—the …

Discovering the processes through which early adverse experiences affect children's
nervous-system development, health, and behavior is critically important for developing …

Children raised in families with low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to exhibit
symptoms of psychopathology. However, the strength of this association, the specific indices …

It is now widely recognized that children exposed to adverse life events in the first years of
life are at increased risk for a variety of neural, behavioral, and psychological sequelae. As …

Early life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for mental illness, but the neurobiological
mechanisms by which ELA increases the risk for future psychopathology are still poorly …

Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with children's brain and behavioral
development. Several theories propose that early experiences of adversity or low SES can …

Adolescenceâ€" beginning with the onset of puberty and ending in the mid-20sâ€" is a
critical period of development during which key areas of the brain mature and develop …

Objective: Black Americans in the United States are disproportionately exposed to childhood
adversity compared with White Americans. Such disparities may contribute to race-related …

Early childhood development programmes vary in coordination and quality, with inadequate
and inequitable access, especially for children younger than 3 years. New estimates, based …