Highlights•The biofilm formation process and its microenvironmental characteristics are
described.•Biofilm microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles for anti-infection are …

Microbial biofilms are communities of aggregated microbial cells embedded in a self-
produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms are recalcitrant to …

Due to the continuous rise in biofilm‐related infections, biofilms seriously threaten human
health. The formation of biofilms makes conventional antibiotics ineffective and dampens …

Oxidative stress is two sided: Whereas excessive oxidant challenge causes damage to
biomolecules, maintenance of a physiological level of oxidant challenge, termed oxidative …

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are attractive as broad-spectrum antibiotics, however,
their further engineering as antimicrobial agents and clinical translation is impeded by …

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), are the
most commonly used chlorine-based disinfectants. HOCl is a fast-acting and potent …

Oxidative stress is a condition caused by the high intracellular concentrations of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) that includes superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals and …

The extracellular electron transfer (EET) efficiency in bioelectrochemical systems has been
proven to be dependent on anode potentials. To explore the underlying mechanism …

The increasing use and discharge of nanoparticles (NPs) pose risks to microorganisms that
maintain the health of aquatic ecosystems. Although NPs are toxic to microorganisms, they …

Salmonellosis is a prevalent food poisoning disease caused by Salmonella spp. that affects
millions of people throughout the world. Contamination of chicken meat and processing …