Plants as sessile organisms are exposed to persistently changing stress factors. The primary
stresses such as drought, salinity, cold and hot temperatures and chemicals are …

Molecular chaperones are one of the most important cell defense mechanisms against
protein aggregation and misfolding. These specialized proteins bind non-native states of …

Within their natural habitat, plants are subjected to a combination of abiotic conditions that
include stresses such as drought and heat. Drought and heat stress have been extensively …

Pollen germination, along with pollen tube growth, is an essential process for the
reproduction of flowering plants. The germinating pollen with tip-growth characteristics …

Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for several soil-borne plant pathogens, and
some are also known for their abilities to enhance systemic resistance to plant diseases and …

An increased concentration of cytosolic calcium ions (Ca2+) is an early response by plant
cells to heat shock. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the heat‐induced initial …

Acquired tolerance to heat stress is an increased resistance to elevated temperature
following a prior exposure to heat. The maintenance of acquired thermotolerance in the …

The plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) plays an important role in the
regulation of ion and metabolite transport and is involved in physiological processes that …

Heat shock (HS) is a common form of stress suffered by plants. It has been proposed that
calmodulin (CaM) is involved in HS signal transduction, but direct evidence has been …

Based on our previous findings, we proposed a pathway for the participation of
Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) in heat‐shock (HS) signal transduction. The specific mechanism by …