Iron is a critical component of many cellular functions including DNA replication and repair,
and it is essential for cell vitality. As an essential element, iron is critical for maintaining …

In eukaryotic cells, ATP generation is generally viewed as the primary function of
mitochondria under normoxic conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), in contrast, are …

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and the HIF-dependent cancer hallmarks angiogenesis and
metabolic rewiring are well-established drivers of breast cancer aggressiveness, therapy …

Due to the overexpression or amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
(HER2) with poor prognosis in a myriad of human tumors, recent studies have focused on …

Simple Summary Hypoxia is defined as the inadequate supply of oxygen in tissues. Regions
of acute and chronic hypoxia are a universal feature of the tumor microenvironment and a …

Breast cancer has been the leading cause of female cancer deaths for decades. Intratumoral
hypoxia, mainly caused by structural and functional abnormalities in microvasculature, is …

The homeostatic oxygen sensing system (HOSS) optimizes systemic oxygen delivery.
Specialized tissues utilize a conserved mitochondrial sensor, often involving NDUFS2 in …

Hypoxia is one of the major hallmarks of solid tumours and is associated with the poor
prognosis of various cancers. A multicellular aggregate, termed a spheroid, has been used …

Background Cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been the first choice for advanced penile
squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) in the last decade, but its utility is limited by the low …

Oxygen is both vital and toxic to life. Molecular oxygen is the most used substrate in the
human body and is required for several hundred diverse biochemical reactions. The …