Protein kinases regulate nearly all aspects of cell life, and alterations in their expression, or
mutations in their genes, cause cancer and other diseases. Here, we review the remarkable …

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease at the cellular and molecular levels.
Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) is a commonly mutated oncogene in CRC, with mutations in …

Abstract RAS (KRAS, NRAS and HRAS) is the most frequently mutated gene family in
cancers, and, consequently, investigators have sought an effective RAS inhibitor for more …

Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

Abstract RAS mutations (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) are among the most common
oncogenes, and around 19% of patients with cancer harbor RAS mutations. Cells harboring …

RAS genes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene
family in human cancer. With the highest RAS mutation frequencies seen with the top three …

RAS genes are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancer, but effective therapeutic
strategies to target RAS-mutant cancers have proved elusive. A key aspect of this challenge …