In addition to traditional neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems, the heart also contains numerous neuropeptides. These neuropeptides not only …

Numerous hormonal and neuroendocrine changes have been described in patients with
chronic cardiac failure. These affect the balance of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor factors in …

The existence of neurogenic mediator candidates apart from noradrenaline and
acetylcholine involved in the control of vascular tone has attracted enormous attention …

The in vitro effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on natural killer (NK) cell activities of normal
lymphocytes was investigated. NPY at 10− 9 to 10− 12 M concentrations produced …

Objective Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is released during sympathetic stimulation and mediates
the central effects of the adipostatic hormone leptin. The plasma concentration of NPY and …

Abstract William Bayliss and Ernest Starling are not only famous as pioneers in
cardiovascular physiology, but also responsible for the discovery of the first hormone (from …

Objective: Galanin, a cotransmitter similar to neuropeptide Y (NPY), aggravates autonomic
imbalance in systolic heart failure (HF) by attenuating vagal tonus after burst sympathetic …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a hexatriacontapeptide amide, is present in high concentrations in
the mammalian heart. Specific receptors of NPY in rat cardiac ventricular membranes have …

Congestive heart failure and other cardiac diseases are characterized by increased activity
of the sympathetic nervous system, whereas at the same time parasympathetic activity is …

BACKGROUND Myocardial adrenergic neurotransmitters and beta-adrenergic receptor
levels were measured in left and right ventricular myocardial specimens obtained from 30 …