Suppression of inflorescence leaf, or bract, growth has evolved multiple times in diverse
angiosperm lineages, including the Poaceae and Brassicaceae. Studies of Arabidopsis …

Members of the CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2) clade of the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA,
and PCF transcription factor genes are widely involved in controlling floral zygomorphy, a …

Genome scan approaches to detect footprints of directional selection in the genomes of wild
animal and plant populations have become popular tools to study local adaptation and …

Vertebrate pelvic reduction is a classic example of repeated evolution. Recurrent loss of
pelvic appendages in sticklebacks has previously been linked to natural mutations in a …

Intensive artificial selection over thousands of years has produced hundreds of varieties of
domestic pigeon. As Charles Darwin observed, the morphological differences among …

Determining whether a homoplastic trait is the result of convergence or parallelism is central
to many of the most important contemporary discussions in biology and philosophy: the …

Field‐selected tolerance to heavy metals has been reported for Orchesella cincta
(Arthropoda: Collembola) populations occurring at metal‐contaminated mining sites. This …

Clubfoot affects 1 in 1000 live births, although little is known about its genetic or
developmental basis. We recently identified a missense mutation in the PITX1 bicoid …

One of the most challenging problems in evolutionary biology is linking the evolution of the
phenotype with the underlying genotype, because most phenotypes are encoded by many …

Although parallel and convergent evolution are discussed extensively in technical articles
and textbooks, their meaning can be overlapping, imprecise, and contradictory. The …