Objectives: Intravenous fluid warming devices with surface heating systems transfer heat
using aluminum blocks, which if uncoated elute toxic levels of aluminum into the infusate …

Background Fluid warming, recommended for fluid rates of> 500 ml h-1, is an integral part of
patient temperature management strategies. Fluid warming devices using an uncoated …

Objective: In the delivery of intravenous fluids, in-line warming devices frequently transfer
heat using a metal heating plate, which if uncoated can risk elution. This bench study …

Current guidelines recommend the use of an intravenous uid warmer to prevent
perioperative hypothermia. Among the various methods of warming intravenous uids …

Background Intravenous fluid warmers are frequently employed for the prevention of
intraoperative and perioperative hypothermia. Current guidelines recommend incorporating …

We appreciate the interest and comments provided by Professor Exley [1] as well as Perl et
al.[2] regarding our publication addressing the quantified aluminium levels released into …