Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable
coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins …

Aspergillus niger has become one of the most important hosts for food enzyme production
due to its unique food safety characteristics and excellent protein secretion systems. A series …

TGF-β is essential for inducing systemic tumor immunosuppression; thus, blocking TGF-β
can greatly enhance antitumor immunity. However, there are still no effective TGF-β …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that show self-renewal, multi-
directional differentiation, and paracrine and immune regulation. As a result of these …

Secreted proteins, such as hormones or cytokines, are key mediators in multicellular
organisms. Response of protein secretion based on transcriptional control is rather slow, as …

Intracellular membrane protein trafficking is crucial for both normal cellular physiology and
cell-cell communication. The conventional secretory route follows transport from the …

Most secretory proteins travel through a well-documented conventional secretion pathway
involving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. However, recently, it has …

Peritubular capillaries (PTCs) are closely related to renal tubules in structure and function,
and both are pivotal regulators in the development and progression of acute kidney injury …

The Golgi apparatus is at the center of protein processing and trafficking in normal cells.
Under pathological conditions, such as in cancer, aberrant Golgi dynamics alter the tumor …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment where cancer cells reside and
interact with different types of cells, secreted factors, and the extracellular matrix …