Importance Malignant primary brain tumors cause more than 15 000 deaths per year in the
United States. The annual incidence of primary malignant brain tumors is approximately 7 …

A new edition of the WHO classification of tumours of the CNS was published in 2021.
Although the previous edition of this classification was published just 5 years earlier, in …

The most frequent adult-type primary CNS tumours are diffuse gliomas, but a large variety of
rarer CNS tumour types exists. The classification of these tumours is increasingly based on …

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), an autosomal-dominantly inherited tumor
syndrome, is classically defined by tumors arising from the “3 Ps”: Parathyroids, Pituitary …

Background Intracranial extraventricular ependymoma (IEE) is an ependymoma located in
the brain parenchyma outside the ventricles. IEE has overlapping clinical and imaging …

Ependymomas are rare glial tumors with clinical and biological heterogeneity, categorized
into supratentorial ependymoma, posterior fossa ependymoma, and spinal cord …

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) utilizes an orchestrated enzymatic cascade of E1,
E2, and E3 ligases to add single or multiple ubiquitin-like molecules as post-translational …

Background Ependymoma (EPN) posterior fossa group A (PFA) has the highest rate of
recurrence and the worst prognosis of all EPN molecular groups. At relapse, it is typically …

Conventional therapeutic techniques for brain tumours have limitations and side effects,
necessitating the need for alternative treatment options. MRI-monitored therapeutic hydrogel …

The 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System
(CNS5), introduced significant changes, impacting tumors ranging from glial to ependymal …