Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of
many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression …

Staphylococcus aureus is a very common Gram-positive bacterium, and S. aureus infections
play an extremely important role in a variety of diseases. This paper describes the types of …

The structurally and functionally related interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13 cytokines play pivotal
roles in shaping immune activity. The IL‐4/IL‐13 axis is best known for its critical role in T …

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disorder of the upper airway, while asthma is a disease
affecting the lower airway and both diseases are usually comorbid. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL …

Interleukins (ILs) are a major subclass of cytokines acting as molecular messengers playing
role in immune system responses via a cascade of signaling pathways. Belonging to the …

Inflammation is an organism's biological defense mechanism. Acute and chronic
inflammation of the body triggers the production of pro-and anti-inflammatory pathways that …

Inflammatory arthritis, primarily including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing
spondylitis, is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases, whose general feature is joint …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that involves T and B cells and their
reciprocal immune interactions with proinflammatory cytokines. T cells, an essential part of …

Background Breast cancer is a complex disease with a highly immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment, and has limited clinical response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) …

Interleukins (ILs) are signaling molecules that are crucial in regulating immune responses
during infectious diseases. Pro-inflammatory ILs contribute to the activation and recruitment …