Abstract Purpose of Review Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global health challenge. This …

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome that does not present a well-defined underlying organic
disease. FM is a condition which has been associated with diseases such as infections …

Active research is being conducted on musculoskeletal pain, and recent concepts will help
clinicians and researchers to develop better approaches:-the new pain taxonomy recently …

Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is a centrally processed measure of the net effect of the
descending pain pathway. This comprises both the facilitatory as well as the inhibitory effect …

Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis is highly prevalent. It is correlated only weakly with disease
activity but more so with pain, mood, personality features, poor sleep, obesity and …

Accumulating evidence reveal important applications of endogenous pain modulation
assessment in healthy controls and in patients in clinical settings, as dysregulations in the …

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic debilitating
disease characterized by severe and disabling fatigue that fails to improve with rest; it is …

Nocebo effects are noxious reactions to therapeutic interventions that occur because of
negative expectations of the patient. In the past decade, neurobiological data have revealed …

Descending pain inhibition is a key component of physiological and pathological pain
processing. 70 Various neurotransmitter systems underlie different descending pain …

The major therapeutic challenge in inflammatory rheumatic diseases is the persistence of
pain despite good responses to specific therapies. Central sensitization, which can be …