INTRODUCTION The iterative evolution of secondarily marine tetrapods since the Paleozoic
offers the promise of better understanding how the anatomy and ecology of animals change …

This article evaluates the hypothesis that Spinosaurus was a specialized aquatic dinosaur,
by developing a CT-based skeletal restoration and examining its hydrodynamic properties …

Pterosaurs, the earliest flying tetrapods, are the subject of some recent quantitative
macroevolutionary analyses from different perspectives. 1–2 Here, we use an integrative …

Sauropterygia was a taxonomically and ecomorphologically diverse clade of Mesozoic
marine reptiles spanning the Early Triassic to the Late Cretaceous. Sauropterygians are …

Flowers are the complex and highly diverse reproductive structures of angiosperms.
Because of their role in sexual reproduction, the evolution of flowers is tightly linked to …

The squamates (lizards, snakes, and relatives) today comprise more than 10,000 species,
and yet their sister group, the Rhynchocephalia, is represented by a single species today …

Marine ecosystem recovery after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) has been
extensively studied in the shallow sea, but little is known about the nature of this process in …

Abstract The Middle Jurassic is an important time period for the evolutionary history of
marine reptiles as it represented a transitional phase for many clades. Notably, in …

Ecology and morphology are different, and yet in comparative studies of fossil vertebrates
the two are often conflated. The macroevolution of Mesozoic marine tetrapods has been …

The hyoid apparatus is essential for underwater feeding in marine tetrapods, but it is unclear
whether this complex has evolved as convergently as other traits, such as dentition or …