The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Orthodontic pain is an inflammatory pain that is initiated by orthodontic force-induced
vascular occlusion followed by a cascade of inflammatory responses, including vascular …

Facial expressions of pain have been identified in several animal species. The aim of this
systematic review was to provide evidence on the measurement properties of grimace …

Simple Summary The ability to identify and assess pain is paramount in animal research to
address the 'refinement'principle of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement), satisfy …

Although pre-clinical models of pain are useful for defining relationships between biological
mechanisms and pain, common methods testing peripheral sensitivity do not translate to the …

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) is expressed in
muscle afferents and direct activation of these receptors induces acute mechanical …

Simple Summary Facial expression (FE) has been used for pain diagnosis in horses. The
current study aimed to identify pain in horses undergoing under-skin polylactide-based …

This paper is the thirty-eighth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2015 …

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a crucial role in the modulation of orofacial
pain, and we hypothesized that CGRP mediated a neuron-glia crosstalk in orofacial pain …

Although neck and low-back pain are common sources of neuropathic pain with high
societal costs, the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is not well-defined. Traditionally …