Activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: neural mechanisms and implications for psychopathology

JD Salamone, SE Yohn, L López-Cruz, N San Miguel… - Brain, 2016 - academic.oup.com
Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal
and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As …

The neurobiology of activational aspects of motivation: exertion of effort, effort-based decision making, and the role of dopamine

JD Salamone, M Correa - Annual Review of Psychology, 2024 - annualreviews.org
Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine: implications for substance use disorders

S Ferré - Psychopharmacology, 2016 - Springer
Background The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with
those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD) …

Brain mechanisms underlying apathy

C Le Heron, CB Holroyd, J Salamone… - Journal of Neurology …, 2019 - jnnp.bmj.com
The past few decades have seen growing interest in the neuropsychiatric syndrome of
apathy, conceptualised as a loss of motivation manifesting as a reduction of goal-directed …

Mesolimbic dopamine and the regulation of motivated behavior

JD Salamone, M Pardo, SE Yohn, L López-Cruz… - Behavioral …, 2016 - Springer
It has been known for some time that nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) is involved in
aspects of motivation, but theoretical approaches to understanding the functions of DA have …

[HTML][HTML] Dopamine, effort-based choice, and behavioral economics: basic and translational research

JD Salamone, M Correa, JH Yang, R Rotolo… - Frontiers in behavioral …, 2018 - frontiersin.org
Operant behavior is not only regulated by factors related to the quality or quantity of
reinforcement, but also by the work requirements inherent in performing instrumental …

[HTML][HTML] Accumbens dopamine D2 receptors increase motivation by decreasing inhibitory transmission to the ventral pallidum

EF Gallo, J Meszaros, JD Sherman, MO Chohan… - Nature …, 2018 - nature.com
Abstract Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) regulate
motivated behavior, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unresolved …

Distinct effects of apathy and dopamine on effort-based decision-making in Parkinson's disease

C Le Heron, O Plant, S Manohar, YS Ang, M Jackson… - Brain, 2018 - academic.oup.com
Effort-based decision-making is a cognitive process crucial to normal motivated behaviour.
Apathy is a common and disabling complication of Parkinson's disease, but its aetiology …

[HTML][HTML] Optogenetic self-stimulation in the nucleus accumbens: D1 reward versus D2 ambivalence

SL Cole, MJF Robinson, KC Berridge - PLoS One, 2018 - journals.plos.org
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) contains multiple subpopulations of medium spiny neurons
(MSNs). One subpopulation expresses D1-type dopamine receptors, another expresses D2 …

The psychopharmacology of effort-related decision making: dopamine, adenosine, and insights into the neurochemistry of motivation

JD Salamone, M Correa, S Ferrigno, JH Yang… - Pharmacological …, 2018 - ASPET
Effort-based decision making is studied using tasks that offer choices between high-effort
options leading to more highly valued reinforcers versus low-effort/low-reward options …