Increasing evidence points to biological sex as an important factor in the development and
phenotypical expression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Risk of developing PD is twice as high …

The mesolimbic dopamine system—which originates in the ventral tegmental area and
projects to the striatum—has been shown to be involved in the expression of sex-specific …

Decades of research advances have established a central role for endogenous opioid
systems in regulating reward processing, mood, motivation, learning and memory …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease which is associated with different
motor, cognitive and mood-related problems. Though it has been established that …

Reward availability and the potential for danger or safety potently regulate emotion. Despite
women being more likely than men to develop emotion dysregulation disorders, there are …

Exposure to stressful stimuli activates kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling, a process
known to produce aversion and dysphoria in humans and other species. This endogenous …

Neural circuits that enable an organism to protect itself by promoting escape from immediate
threat and avoidance of future injury are conceptualized to carry an “aversive” signal. One of …

Phasic dopamine activity is evoked by reliable predictors of food reward and plays a role in
cue-triggered, goal-directed behavior. While this important signal is modulated by …

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) core is involved in regulating stress and shaping reward
seeking behaviours. Multiple neuromodulators, including dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor …

Brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of depressive
and anxiety disorders, stimulating interest in the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists …