Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal
boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by …

Schizophrenia remains a challenging disease to treat effectively with current antipsychotic
medications due to their limited efficacy across the entire spectrum of core symptoms as well …

Rhythmic gene expression is found throughout the central nervous system. This harmonized
regulation can be dependent on-and independent of-the master regulator of biological …

The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and subsequent identification of their endogenous
ligands (endocannabinoids) in early 1990s have greatly accelerated research on …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating brain function. Recent
advances have greatly expanded our understanding of these receptors as complex …

Actions of acetylcholine in the periphery are the result of activation of either the ionotropic
nicotinic receptor or the metabotropic muscarinic receptor. In the mammalian central …

At least five muscarinic receptors genes have been cloned and expressed. Muscarinic
receptors act via activation of G proteins: m1, m3 and m5 muscarinic receptors couple to …

The natural incentives that shape behavior reach the central circuitry of motivation trans-
synaptically, via the five senses, whereas the laboratory rewards of intracranial stimulation …

mRNAs encoding five genetically distinct muscarinic ACh receptors are present in the CNS.
Because of their pharmacological similarities, it has not been possible to detect the …

The basal ganglia occupy the core of the forebrain and consist of evolutionarily conserved
motor nuclei that form recurrent circuits critical for motivation and motor planning. The …