Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the main biochemical components of the tumor
microenvironment (TME), where it can promote tumor progression or tumor suppression …

Heavy metal pollution not only poses a serious threat to both animal growth and public
health, but also to aquatic life. Mitochondria are the first target sites for a variety of heavy …

The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2
and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to …

The immune system deploys a multitude of innate and adaptive mechanisms not only to
ward off pathogens but also to prevent malignant transformation (“immune surveillance”) …

Extracellular nucleotides, mainly ATP, but also ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-sugars,
adenosine, and adenine base participate in the “purinergic signalling” pathway, an …

The variety of taste sensations, including sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty, arises from
diverse taste cells, each of which expresses specific taste sensor molecules and associated …

The purinergic transmitter ATP (adenosine 5′-triphosphate) plays an essential role in both
the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the ability to directly measure extracellular …

Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) consist of linear chains of orthophosphate residues,
linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. They are evolutionarily old biopolymers …

Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is
known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and …

Nucleotides play a crucial role in extracellular signaling across species boundaries. All the
three kingdoms of life (Bacteria, Archea and Eukariota) are responsive to extracellular ATP …