The activation of host's innate and adaptive immune systems can lead to acute and chronic
graft rejection, which seriously impacts graft survival. Thus, it is particularly significant to …

Purinergic signaling is a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides
and nucleosides. Tri-and diphosphonucleotides are released in physiological and …

Salt taste, the taste of sodium chloride (NaCl), is mechanistically one of the most complex
and puzzling among basic tastes. Sodium has essential functions in the body but causes …

Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system
(CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the …

Pannexin 1 (Panx1) is a membrane channel implicated in numerous physiological and
pathophysiological processes via its ability to support release of ATP and other cellular …

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly
unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory …

This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P 2 X
and P 2 Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A 1 and A 2A receptors) …

Whether metabolites derived from injured renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) participate in
renal fibrosis is poorly explored. After TEC injury, various metabolites are released and …

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein complex lining the alveolar surface to decrease the
surface tension and facilitate inspiration. Surfactant deficiency is often seen in premature …

ATP released from the synaptic terminals and astrocytes can activate neuronal P2 receptors
at a variety of locations across the CNS. Although the postsynaptic ATP-mediated signalling …