Although we are witnesses of an increase in the number of studies examining the
exposure/effects of microplastics (MPs) on different organisms, there are many unknowns …

Animal behaviour can lead to varying levels of risk, and an individual's physical condition
can alter the potential costs and benefits of undertaking risky behaviours. How risk‐taking …

Women have up to a fourfold increase in risk for autoimmune disease compared to men.
Many explanations have been proposed, including sex hormones, the X chromosome …

The sexes show profound differences in responses to infection and the development of
autoimmunity. Dimorphisms in immune responses are ubiquitous across taxa, from …

Immunosenescence, the decline in immune defense with age, is an important mortality
source in elderly humans but little is known of immunosenescence in wild animals. We …

Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) and its variants, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP and its variants, are regarded as immune mediated …

Whilst the immune system often varies seasonally and exhibits differences between males
and females, the general patterns in seasonality and sex differences across taxa have …

Sex‐specific physiology is commonly reported in animals, often indicating lower immune
indices and higher oxidative stress in males than in females. Sexual selection is argued to …

Intergroup encounters are common in nonhuman primates and can vary from affiliative to
aggressive. We extracted data from the literature to test five different hypotheses: 1) where …

Background Sexual dimorphism in immunity is believed to reflect sex differences in
reproductive strategies and trade-offs between competing life history demands. Sexual …