In nature, animals display defensive behaviors that reflect the spatiotemporal distance of
threats. Laboratory-based paradigms that elicit specific defensive responses in rodents have …

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle
introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions eg, premenstrual syndrome, are …

Quantitative descriptions of animal behavior are essential to study the neural substrates of
cognitive and emotional processes. Analyses of naturalistic behaviors are often performed …

Avoiding stimuli that predict danger is required for survival. However, avoidance can
become maladaptive in individuals who overestimate threat and thus avoid safe situations …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the seventh most common cause of mortality and one of the
major causes of disability and vulnerability in the elderly. AD is characterized by gradual …

Behavioral phenotyping has been gaining prominence due to the increased use of
transgenic animal models of neurological disorders. Repeated testing in the same cohort of …

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the most frequently diagnosed form of anxiety, is
usually treated by cognitive-behavioural approaches or medication; in particular …

Behavioral observations suggest a connection between anxiety and predator defense, but
the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Here we examine the role of the anterior …

The amygdala plays a critical role in the emotional-affective component of pain and pain
modulation. The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) serves major output functions and has …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a critical mediator of stress responses and
anxiety-like behaviors. Neurons expressing protein kinase C delta (BNSTPKCδ) are an …