Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a central regulator of inflammation, and TNF-α
antagonists may be effective in treating inflammatory disorders in which TNF-α plays a major …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common autoimmune disease, is characterized by a highly
coordinated inflammatory response that involves innate and adaptive immunity. One of the …

Four Janus kinases (JAKs)(JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2) and seven signal transducers and
activators of transcription (STATs)(STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B …

Following strong activation signals, several types of immune cells reportedly release
chromatin and granular proteins into the extracellular space, forming DNA traps. This …

The failure of many new, mostly biologic, drugs to meet their primary end points in double-
blind clinical trials in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has caused a …

Background The roles of asymptomatic hyperuricemia or uric acid (UA) crystals in CKD
progression are unknown. Hypotheses to explain links between UA deposition and …

Cytokines are critical mediators of diverse immune and inflammatory diseases. Targeting
cytokines and cytokine receptors with biologics has revolutionized the treatment of many of …

Recent discoveries have further strengthened the critical role of SLE-related immune
dysregulation and metabolic disturbances in promoting accelerated CVD. Understanding …

In this era, it is axiomatic that cytokines have critical roles in cellular development and
differentiation, immune homeostasis, and host defense. Equally, dysregulation of cytokines …

The dysregulation of the JAK–STAT pathway is associated with various immune disorders.
Four JAK inhibitors have been approved for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and numerous JAK …