Phagocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved process utilized by many cells to ingest
microbial pathogens, and apoptotic and necrotic corpses. Recent investigation has revealed …

Concealing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is a principal strategy used by
fungi to avoid immune recognition. Surface exposure of PAMPs during germination can …

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, or neutrophils) are critical for human innate immunity
and kill most invading bacteria. However, pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus avoid …

Influenza A virus infections in humans generally cause self-limited infections, but can result
in severe disease, secondary bacterial pneumonias, and death. Influenza viruses can …

Macrophage produced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is known to play a critical role
in the proinflammatory response against intracellular pathogens by promoting the …

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and the first line of defense
after bacteria have breached the epithelial barriers. After migration to a site of infection …

NADPH oxidases have a distinct cellular localization in the kidney. Reactive oxygen species
(ROS) are produced in the kidney by fibroblasts, endothelial cells (EC), vascular smooth …

Neutrophils are phagocytic innate immune cells essential for killing bacteria via activation of
a wide variety of effector responses and generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen …

Anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks.
Human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease …

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are an essential component of the
human innate immune system. Circulating neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of …