Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating and sometimes deadly
consequence of exposure to severe psychological trauma. Although effective treatments …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Rat orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is located in the dorsal bank of the rhinal sulcus, and is
divided into the medial orbital area, ventral orbital area, ventrolateral orbital area, lateral …

The ability to establish behaviorally what psychological capacity an animal is deploying—to
discern accurately what an animal is doing—is key to functional analyses of the brain. Our …

Here, we review the neural circuit bases of habits, compulsions, and addictions, behaviors
which are all characterized by relatively automatic action performance. We discuss relevant …

Posttraumatic stress disorder can be viewed as a disorder of fear dysregulation. An
abundance of research suggests that the prefrontal cortex is central to fear processing—that …

Overcoming aversive emotional memories requires neural systems that detect when fear
responses are no longer appropriate so that they can be extinguished. The midbrain ventral …

Respiration and airflow through the nasal cavity are known to be correlated with rhythmic
neural activity in the central nervous system. Here we show in rodents that during …

Surviving threats in the environment requires brain circuits for detecting (or anticipating)
danger and for coordinating appropriate defensive responses (eg, increased cardiac output …

Animals make predictions based on currently available information. In natural settings,
sensory cues may not reveal complete information, requiring the animal to infer the" hidden …