Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a devastating condition causing significant
morbidity and mortality. While outcomes from subarachnoid hemorrhage have improved in …

Free radicals are formed as a part of normal metabolic activities but are neutralized by the
endogenous antioxidants present in cells/tissue, thus maintaining the redox balance. This …

N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) is the most abundant dipeptide in the brain, where it
acts as a neuromodulator of glutamatergic synapses by activating presynaptic metabotropic …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the central nervous system and
systemic circulation. It tightly regulates what enters and is removed from the brain …

Chronic neuroinflammation has been considered to be involved in the progressive
dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms …

Ischemic stroke occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the brain are narrowed or
blocked, inducing damage to brain tissue due to a lack of blood supply. One effective way to …

In the aging process and central nervous system (CNS) diseases, the functions of the
meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) are impaired. Alterations in MLVs have been observed …

Objective: The “Glymphatic” system, a network of perivascular tunnels wrapped by astrocyte
endfeet, was reported to be closely associated with the diseases of the central nervous …

Purpose Brain glymphatic dysfunction is involved in the pathologic process of acute
ischemic stroke (IS). The relationship between brain glymphatic activity and dysfunction in …

Acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke worldwide. Neuronal
destruction involved in the brain damage process caused by ICH includes a primary injury …