Evolutionary studies typically focus on adaptations to particular environmental conditions,
thereby often ignoring the role of possible constraints. Here we focus on the case of variation …

Variation in the degree of insect wing melanin affects thermoregulation, and is expected to
be adapted to local environmental conditions, for example over an elevational gradient. The …

The question of why territorial residents usually win asymmetrical owner-intruder contests is
critical to our understanding of animal contest evolution. Game theory suggests that, under …

The temperate‐zone butterfly Pararge aegeria can use three developmental pathways
corresponding to different seasonal cohorts:(1) development with a pupal winter diapause …

The myriad colors and patterns on butterfly wings have caught the attention of biologists for
well over a century. Today, with the advent of more sophisticated genetic and developmental …

Realized fitness in a fluctuating environment depends on the capacity of an ectothermic
organism to function at different temperatures. Flying heliotherms like butterflies use flight for …

Laboratory studies of insects suggest that female fecundity may increase very rapidly with
adult size and that mass may often increase close to exponentially with time during larval …

Butterfly–flower morphological interrelationships were investigated for 108 butterfly species
and 20 plants at Nagpur, India. Distinct clusters of higher taxa (families) are disclosed for …

Populations undergoing rapid climate-driven range expansion experience distinct selection
regimes dominated both by increased dispersal at the leading edges and steep …

Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) females lay up to 10 clutches of 50–300 eggs in
their lifetime. Clutch size is an important life‐history trait as larval group size affects survival …