Sunscreens have been on the market for many decades as a means of protection against
ultraviolet-induced erythema. Over the years, evidence has also shown their efficacy in the …

Approximately 50% of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is visible light (400-700 nm).
Other sources of visible light include lasers, light-emitting diodes, and flash lamps. Photons …

Photosensitization reactions have been demonstrated to be largely responsible for the
deleterious biological effects of UV and visible radiation, as well as for the curative actions of …

Therapeutic drug delivery microrobots capable of accurate targeting using an
electromagnetic actuation (EMA) system are being developed. However, these drug delivery …

It is well known that ultraviolet light activates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase by
increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, enhancing activating protein 1 …

Cancer is one of the diseases with high mortality worldwide. Various methods for cancer
treatment are being developed, and among them, magnetically driven microrobots capable …

Multiresistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cause
serious postoperative infections. A skin tolerant far-UVC (< 240 nm) irradiation system for …

Human skin is not only affected by ultraviolet radiation but also by visible light wavelengths
emitted by sunlight, electronic devices, and light emitting diodes. Similar to the ultraviolet …

Background Sunlight contains ultraviolet (UV) A and UVB radiation. UVB is essential for
vitamin D synthesis but is the main cause of sunburn and skin cancer. Sunscreen use is …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for normal cell signaling and the
antimicrobial defense of the skin. However excess production of ROS can disrupt the cellular …