Substance use disorders (SUDs) are conditions in which the use of legal or illegal
substances, such as nicotine, alcohol or opioids, results in clinical and functional …

The cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) enzyme metabolizes several clinically relevant
substrates, including nicotine—the primary psychoactive component in cigarette smoke. The …

Smoking behaviors, including amount smoked, smoking cessation, and tobacco-related
diseases, are altered by the rate of nicotine clearance. Nicotine clearance can be estimated …

Nicotine lactate, nicotine tartrate, nicotine benzoate, and freebase nicotine (FBN) are four
forms of nicotine salt systems that are present in tobacco products. However, few in vivo …

Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risk of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality, yet
there is a high rate of relapse amongst smokers who try to quit. Phenotypic biomarkers have …

Rationale Policies that establish a standard for reduced nicotine content in cigarettes can
decrease the prevalence of smoking in the USA. Cigarettes with nicotine yields as low as …

The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a genetically informed biomarker of rate of nicotine
metabolism, has been validated as a tool to select the optimal treatment for individual …

Background and aims The activity of CYP2A6, the major nicotine‐inactivating enzyme, is
measurable in smokers using the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3′ hydroxycotinine …

Objective: HIV-infected smokers lose more life years to tobacco use than to HIV infection.
The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a biomarker of CYP2A6, represents individual variation …

Electronic cigarette (EC) use (vaping) has grown at an alarming rate in recent years.
Originally used as a cessation aid for combustible cigarette smoking, vaping has grown …