Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to
study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals …

Stress is a complex experience that carries both aversive and motivating properties. Chronic
stress causes an increase in the risk of depression, is well known to increase relapse of drug …

A specialized cubic-millimeter hotspot in the rostrodorsal quadrant of medial shell in nucleus
accumbens (NAc) of rats may mediate opioid enhancement of gustatory hedonic impact or …

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) represent a critical site of synaptic
plasticity induced by addictive drugs. Orexin/hypocretin-containing neurons in the lateral …

The main characteristics of cocaine addiction are compulsive drug use despite adverse
consequences and high rates of relapse during periods of abstinence. A current popular …

Morphine is a highly potent analgesic with high addictive potential in specific contexts.
Although dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are widely believed to play …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Drug addiction is a brain disorder caused by the repetitive use of various chemicals which
alter normal functioning of the central nervous system with consequent behavioral …

Recent studies have suggested that the development of addictive behaviours shares
common features with traditional learning models. Synaptic plasticity, a possible substrate …

The dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system has been implicated in the pathogenesis and
pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. In the present review, we present evidence …