Purpose: We aimed to compare the beneficial and harmful effects of opioids used as
adjuncts to local anesthetics in patients undergoing cesarean section under spinal …

Opioids are considered a “gold standard” in clinical practice for the treatment of
postoperative pain. The spinal administration of an opioid drug does not guarantee selective …

Targeting analgesic drugs for spinal delivery reflects the fact that while the conscious
experience of pain is mediated supraspinally, input initiated by high intensity stimuli, tissue …

Background Intrathecal hydrophilic opioids decrease systemic opioid consumption after
abdominal surgery and potentially facilitate enhanced recovery. A meta-analysis is needed …

Opioids have been used for spinal analgesia for more than a century, and their injection
epidurally and intrathecally has a key role in the control of postoperative pain. Since the …

Objectives This report presents up-to-date evidence and expert consensus-based revisions
to the ASPMN 2011 guidelines that inform interprofessional clinical decision-making for …

Opioids are a mainstay of treatment for pain worldwide. Pruritus, a common side effect of
opioids, is a patient dissatisfier that limits their use in many clinical settings. Both parenteral …

Respiratory depression can occur after neuraxial morphine administration. In the obstetric
population, there are little data on respiratory depression after neuraxial morphine …

Intrathecal opioids are highly effective in the management of post-operative pain. The
technique is simple with a very low risk of technical failure or complications, and it does not …

The blood-brain barrier significantly limits effective drug delivery to central nervous system
(CNS) targets. The recently characterized glymphatic system offers a perivascular highway …